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computer
PC (Computer) is a principle of using electronics to a sequence of instructions based on the data processing machine. Computers can be divided into two parts: software and hardware systems. ENIAC the first computer in February 15, 1946 declaration of the birth.
LCD monitor
Board called the motherboard
PC graphics card
ENIAC
directory
department. There are many chassis shell buttons, such as power start button, RESET button (for a computer restart) and so on. There are some light on the chassis, such as the power light on the computer work should be bright, hard disk drives to operate in the light flashes when and so on. Floppy drive and optical drive can be used directly in front of the chassis. Expansion cards and expansion slot when the need to use the computer to see VCD, listening to music, you need to configure the sound card. PC-sound card is not an essential component, which is a function of PC-expansion cards. The so-called expansion cards, meaning the PC, this card can expand the functions, such as sound cards can make the PC, sound, PC-fax cards can have the fax feature cards can be linked into your network and so on. Expansion card is directly plugged into the motherboard designed specifically for the expansion card expansion slot. Graphics card is actually an extension of the card, because the basic principle of the computer, the \Although the monitor has one of the basic equipment is a computer, but the habit of reasons, video card still be regarded as an extension of the card. Of course, sound cards, fax cards, network cards are standard expansion cards. PC, keyboard and mouse are input devices. When typing on the keyboard, the key is struck, the motherboard on the PC, sends a signal, and continue to send to the CPU, the CPU to the operating system according to the procedures to confirm press the button will cause any response. Doing word processing for example, if the Chinese character input system does not start, hit the keyboard
1642 至 1643, Pascal (Blaise Pascal) to do tax collectors in order to help the father, he invented a gear adder operation, called \The first mechanical adder. In 1666, Samuel Morland invented in the UK can calculate the addend and subtrahend a mechanical counting machine. In 1671,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the famous German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (GWLeibnitz) made the first machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide arithmetic mechanical computer. In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz created a step-type (stepped) count of cylindrical rotor machine, called the \In 1694, German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz, Pascal's Pascalene to improve, creating a machine that can calculate the multiplier, it is still operating with the gear and the dial. 1773, Philipp-Matthaus manufacture and sell a small amount of precision to 12-bit Computing Machinery. 1775, The third Earl of Stanhope and Leibniz invented a similar multiplication calculator. 1786, JHMueller designed a difference engine, but unfortunately there is no funding to produce. In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard loom is connected sequentially in the punch card controlled weaving style. 1854, George Boole published \services. In 1861, a transcontinental telegraph line to link the Atlantic and Pacific coast. 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and obtain patents. 1876-1878, Baron Kelvin creating a harmonic analyzer and tidal prediction machine. 1882, William S. Burroughs resigned from the bank clerk's work and focus on the invention of addend. 1889, Herman Hollerith electric tabulating machine in the game really well, and was used in 1890 Population Survey. Herman Hollerith Jacquard loom used to calculate the concept, he card data storage, and then compile the results into the machine. The machine that would have required a decade to get the population survey results, in just six weeks inside to do so. 1893, the first four-function calculator was invented. old computer in 1895, Guglielmo Marconi transmitted radio signals. 1896, Hollerith tabulating machine company was established (Tabulating Machine Company). 1908, British scientists Campbell Swinton ? above indicates that the electronic scanning method and manufacturing cathode ray tube television. In 1911, Hollerith machine table with the other two companies merged to form the Computer Tabulating Recording Company (CTR), watch and record companies. But in 1924, changed its name to International Business Machine Corporation (IBM). 1911, the Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity in Leiden Unversity. 1931, Vannever Bush invented a procedure to solve differential counting machine, the machine that can solve some mathematical , scientists headache complex differential programs. 1935, IBM (International Business Machine tion) the introduction of \The calculation of its scientific and business play a great role. Created a total of 1500. In 1937, Alan Turing came up with a \Turing's concept of the invention of the same type than the other as well, because he used the symbol processing symbol concept. November 1939, John Vincent Atannsoff and John Berry has created a 16-bit addend device. It is the first computing machine to use vacuum tubes. In 1939, Zuse and Schreyer opened created a \After the program was interrupted for one year. scientific calculator in 1946, the first formal computer \In 1960, the data processing system IBM1401 developed. In 1961, the programming language COBOL come out. In 1961, the first computer subsystem design is completed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1963, BASIC language come out. In 1964, the third generation of computer IBM360 series made. In 1965, the U.S. Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the first minicomputer PDP-8. 1969 年, IBM, successfully developed 90 card machines and systems - 3 computer systems. 1970, IBM System 1370 computer series made. In 1971, the design is completed the University of Illinois supercomputer Queen Ake IV. In 1971, the first 4004 microprocessor developed by Intel Corporation. In 1972, the microprocessor to begin mass production and sales of the substrate. In 1973, the first piece of floppy disk developed by the IBM Corporation.
keyboard and mouse
computer
integral part of the software development process of hardware the first computer system, the evolution of the main principles of computer input and output digital circuit library and computer programs to operate a computer application processing devices of various types of computer computer operating Classification Notes system supercomputer in Europe and America, Department of Computer Studies Japanese brands Comment on China Taiwan South Korea, Department of Department of the China mainland part of the green computer
Mother Board (motherboard). It is actually a piece of circuit board, above all circuits are dense. PC, it can be said that the nervous system, CPU, memory, video card, sound card, etc. are directly installed on the motherboard, and hard drives, floppy and other components also need to connect via cable and the motherboard. The host will generally be placed in the chassis of the computer components referred to as \It is the most important part of the computer, motherboard, CPU and hard drive and other major components are in the console. External memory such as memory and disk comparison, the memory is the CPU's internal memory can be read directly, mainly in the form of chips. Memory, known as the \The memory chips are generally seen strip, also called \Also
computer hard drives
There is a memory called \Generally, a machine the number of megabytes of memory, mainly refers to the memory capacity. Just started in the computer screen to see when the memory capacity display, the system can also be used in the DOS command to view the memory capacity, you can also view the system resources in Windows system that memory capacity. Connect the monitor and graphics card is an important board
components. It is inserted in the expansion slot on the motherboard inside. It is primarily responsible for host sent to the monitor display signal into a normal electrical signals, making the PC, the monitor can understand what in it. Memory on the graphics card is also called \

CPU
4.7GB, equivalent to seven times the CD-ROM disc can store 133 minutes the film, including seven Dolby Digital Surround audio tracks. DVD disc can be divided into: DVD-ROM, DVD-R (write once available), DVD-RAM (write multiple times) and DVD-RW (read and rewrite.) The current DVD drives can use more EIDE interfaces the same as CD-ROM drive connected to the IDEas, SATA or SICI interface. Development of the first computer
First computer: ENIAC
monitor is one of the computer's output device, the early appearance and the TV display is similar to CRT, the CRT monitor. Most of the current LCD display or LED. Disk and disk drive disk is one of the PC, the external memory is divided into two kinds of hard drives and floppy disks. In common is that both are using magnetic media to store data, so called \Want to make PC-to use the disk, the disk must be placed in a special device, which is the disk drive.

memory
ATX Computer Power Supply
directly type in English letters, hit \. When the start character input system, tapping letters on the keyboard, you will not directly enter the English and the English first determine whether the typing rules in the Chinese character input method, if the expression of one or some of the characters, will enter the Chinese characters. Instead, you can not input Chinese characters. Another example is in the DOS system, press \In Windows 95/98 systems will not make the computer restarts, but will pop up a \The current keyboard generally have 101 or 106 key keyboard, there are some 3 Windows 95 function keys. DVD / CD ROM or digital versatile disc. DVD drive that reads DVD discs equipment. DVD disc capacity
1975 年, ATARI - 8800 microcomputer come out. 1977, Kemo Doyle combination of micro-computer company said full-PET - 2001 developed. 1977, TRS - 80 microcomputer was born. In 1977, Apple - II microcomputer was born. 1978,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], began to use large scale integrated circuits. In 1978, the magnetic bubble memory, a second computer for the business. In 1979, Sharp announced the first laptop made type microcomputer. In 1982, micro-computer began to spread,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a lot of access to schools and families. plans to build in 1979, 1983 Apple - lisa PC market, she is the first computer with mouse and GUI. In 1984, the Japanese computer industry to improve development of the \printers, HP inkjet printer also stay ahead of technology. January 1984: Apple's Macintosh release. based on Motorola 68000 microprocessor. can address 16M. 1984 年 8 月: MS-DOS 3.0, PC-DOS 3.0, IBM AT released, the use of ISA standards, support for large hard drives and high-density floppy 1.2M. September 1984: Apple has issued a 512Kb memory of the Macintosh, but there is no increase in other areas. the end of 1984: Compaq began developing the IDE interface, can be more fast transmission of data, the adoption by many colleagues, and later introduced further EIDE,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], can support up to 528MB drive. data transfer faster. 1985: Philips and Sony to launch CD-ROM drive. 1985: EGA standard launched. March 1985: MS-DOS 3.1, PC-DOS 3.1. This is the first part of the network functions to provide support for DOS version. October 17, 1985: 80386 DX released. clock frequency to reach 33MHz, 1GB of memory addressable . more than 286 instructions. 6 million instructions per second, integrated 275,000 transistors. November 1985: Microsoft Windows release. but in its 3.0 version of the full has not been widely used. require DOS support, similar to Mac user interface, which sued by Apple. proceedings to August 1997 was terminated. December 1985: MS-DOS 3.2, PC-DOS 3.2. This is the first system to support 3.5-inch disk. but only supports to 720KB . to the 3.3 version only supports 1.44 trillion. January 1986: Apple released a high performance of the Macintosh. There are four megabytes of memory, and SCSI adapters. September 1986: Amstrad Announced am cheap and powerful computers Amstrad PC 1512. with a CGA graphics adapter, 512KB memory, 8086 processor, 20 MB hard drive. using a mouse and graphical user interface design for the family. 1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 released. 1988: EISA standards established. 1989: European Particle Physics Institute founder Tim Berners-Lee World Wide Web prototype. through hypertext links, the novice can easily browse the Internet. which greatly promoted the development of Internet. March 1989: EIDE standard established, can support more than 528MB of hard drive, can reach 33.3MB / s transfer rate, and is widely used in CD-ROM. April 10, 1989: 80486 DX released. The processor integrates 120 million transistors, and its successor models of the clock frequency of 100MHz . November 1989: Sound Blaster Card (sound) release. May 22, 1990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0, MS-DOS compatibility mode. November 1990: the first generation of MPC (Multimedia PC standard) release. The standard requires that the processor is at least 80286/12MHz (later increased to 80386SX/16MHz) and an optical drive, at least 150KB/sec transfer rate. 1991: ISA standard release. June 1991: MS-DOS 5.0 and PC-DOS 5.0 released . In order to promote OS / 2 development, Bill Gates said, is a DOS DOS5.0 Terminator, the future will no longer spend our energy here. This version broke 640KB base memory limit. This version also marks on the Microsoft and IBM on DOS cooperation in the end. 1992: Windows NT release, 2GB of addressable memory. April 1992: Windows 3.1 released. 1993: Internet began commercial operation. 1993: classic game Doom release. March 22, 1993: Pentium released, the processor integrates 300 million transistors, the early version of the core frequency is 60 ~ 66MHz, perform 100 million instructions per second. May 1993: MPC standard 2 release, required transfer rate of CD-ROM 300KB / s, in the window 320 × 240 15 frames per second. March 7, 1994: Intel released 90 ~ 100MHz Pentium processor. 1994: Netscape 1.0 browser release. 1994: well-known real-time strategy Games Command & Conquer (C & C) release. March 27, 1995: Intel released the Pentium 120MHz processor. June 1, 1995: Intel released the Pentium 133MHz processor. August 23, 1995: Pure 32 bit multitasking operating system Windows 95 release. the operating system much different from the previous version, completely out of MS-DOS, but for the care of the user habits also retained the DOS mode. Windows 95 was a great success. November 1, 1995 : Pentium Pro released, clocked up to 200MHz, perform 440 million instructions per second, integrating 550 million transistors. December 1995: Netscape released its JavaScript. 1996 年 1 月: Netscape Navigator 2.0 released. This is the first A browser that supports JavaScript. January 4, 1996: Intel released the Pentium processor 150 ~ 166MHz, 310 ~ 330 integrates million transistors. 1996: Windows 95 OSR2 release, to revise some of the BUG, some functions expanded . 1997: Heft Auto, Quake 2, and Blade Runner and other famous games, and is driving the rapid rise of 3D graphics accelerator card. January 8, 1997: Intel released Pentium MMX CPU, processor, enhanced gaming and multimedia features. April 1997: IBM's Deep Blue (Deep Blue) computer over the human world chess champion Garry Kasparov. 7 May 1997: Intel released Pentium Ⅱ, added more instructions and Cache. 1997 年 6 月2: Intel released 233MHz Pentium MMX. The main principle of personal computer (PC: personal computer) of the main structure: Host: motherboard, CPU (central processing unit), the main memory (RAM), expansion cards (video card sound card, and so some These can be integrated motherboard), power supply, optical drive, secondary storage (hard drive), floppy drive. peripherals: monitor, keyboard, mouse (speakers, camera, external modem, MODEM, etc.). Although computer technology since the 20th century, 40 s first electronic general purpose computer has been dazzling since the birth of the rapid development, but today is still basically a computer program structure is stored, that von Neumann structure. the structure of the universal realization of a practical computer. storage between program structure will be described in a computer into four main sections: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control circuit, memory, and input and output devices (I / O). The parts of a group through a set of cable connections and by a clock to drive. Conceptually, a computer's memory can be regarded as a \. This information can be both directive, it can be data. In principle, each \called the microprocessor. Such mode of the computer is very straightforward: in a single clock cycle, the computer start with the memory access instructions and data, and then execute commands, store data, and then get the next instruction. This process is repeatedly executed until terminated by a command. by the controller explained that the implementation of the instruction set computing device is a very limited number of well-defined set of simple instructions. generally be divided into four categories: 1, data movement 2, 3, the number of logical operations, condition verification 4 Gaiyi instruction sequence inside the computer as the data is as expressed in binary. For example, 10110000 is a copy of Intel x86 family of microprocessor instruction code. a single computer instruction set is supported by the machine language of the computer . Therefore, the use of the popular machine language will make de facto a new computer software to run even more easily. So for those commercial software development model for people, they are usually only concerned about one or several different machines language. more powerful small computers, mainframe computers and servers may be different with the computer. they usually share the task to a different CPU to execute. Today, multicore microprocessors and personal computers are also moving in this direction. super usually has a basic computer and electronic stored program control switches on computer to achieve the use of 2 usually has thousands of CPU, but these designs seem to be useful only for specific tasks. in a variety of computer,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], there are some micro-controller Separation by order of the Harvard program and data structure. above-mentioned digital circuit conceptual design of the physical implementation of these many and varied. a stored program computers can be both Babbage's mechanical, it can be based on digital electronics. However, digital circuits can be relay, such as the number of binary arithmetic and logic operations. he was quick to point out some scholars use the vacuum tube can replace the relay circuit. vacuum tube circuit was originally used as a radio amplifier, after they began to be increasingly used in digital electronic circuits fast switching. When the tube is energized, a pin, the current can be passed freely between the other ends. by combinations of logic gates can be designed to accomplish many complex tasks . For example, the adder is one of them. The device achieved in the field of electronics and the results add two numbers saved - in computer science by a group of such an operation intended to achieve a particular method is called an algorithm to do. In the end, significant numbers of people through logic gates to assemble a complete ALU and controller. it substantial, just look at CSIRAC this table may be the smallest practical vacuum tube computer. The machine contains 2,000 tubes, there are many of them are dual-use devices, but also means that together have a total logic devices 2000-4000. tubes for the manufacture of large-scale gate was powerless. expensive, unstable, bloated, high energy consumption, and speed not fast enough - although far more than mechanical switching circuits. All this led to the 20th century, the transistor 60 years they have been replaced. The latter are smaller, easy operation, high reliability, cheaper energy, and lower cost. IC is the basis of today's computer after 60 years of the 20th century, transistors began to be a large number of transistors and other electrical components and wiring placed in a silicon integrated circuit board replaced. 70, ALU and the controller CPU as the composition of the two parts, began to be integrated into a single chip, known as the \But dozens of parts including, but by 2006, an Intel Core Duo processor, up to the number of transistors on a one hundred fifty-one million is huge. Input and output input and output devices (Input / Output, I / O) is the external World Information sent to the computer equipment and the results will be returned to the outside world devices in general. These results may be returned to the visual experience as a user, or controlled by the computer as the input of other equipment: for a robot, control the output of the computer is basically the robot itself, such as make a variety of behaviors. The first generation of computer input and output types of equipment are very limited. usually with the input device is a punch card reader, used to the instructions and data into memory; the output device used to store the results were generally tape. As technology advances, the richness of input and output devices is improved. the personal computer as an example: a user keyboard and mouse input to the computer directly The main tool of information, and monitors, printers, speakers, the results returned. In addition there are many different input devices can accept other kinds of information, such as digital camera input image. in input and output devices, there are two types It is worth noting: The first is secondary storage devices such as hard drives, CDs or other slow but with high-capacity equipment. The second is the computer network access devices, achieved through their direct data transfer between computers has greatly enhance the value of the computer. Today, the Internet and the achievements of the tens of millions of computers to send each other various types of data. a simple computer program, said computer program is a computer to execute a sequence of instructions. It can only perform a few a simple task instructions may also be a huge amount of data to operate the complex instruction queue. Many computer programs contain millions of instructions, many of which command may be executed repeatedly. In 2005, a typical personal computer can be second the implementation of about 30 billion instructions. computers often do not perform some very complex instructions to get the extra functions, more programmers they are arranged in accordance with those relatively simple to run, but a large number of short instructions. general , programmers will not directly write the machine language instructions for the computer. So the result can only be done time-consuming, inefficient and full of loopholes. Therefore, the programmer usually through the \and then by some special computer programs, such as interpreter or compiler of the translation into machine language. Some programming languages look very close to machine language, such as assembler, are considered low-level language. while other languages such as the abstract principles such as Prolog, is completely ignoring the operational details of the actual operation of the computer, can be described as high-level language. for a specific task, should be based on characteristics of its affairs, the programmer skills, available tools and customer needs to select the appropriate language, which Youyi the most important customer needs. Library and operation shortly after the birth of the computer, it was discovered that certain jobs in many different programs have been implemented in some standard mathematical functions such as calculation. For efficiency reasons, these procedures the standard version to be collected into a \With the industrialization of popular computer, the computer being used more and more different jobs within an organization dealing with. soon be able to automatically schedule and execute operations continued emergence of special software. These not only control the hardware and is responsible for scheduling the operation software, known as the \to use the machine to perform their own procedures, it seems like everyone has a own computer. To this end, the operating system needs to provide each user as a \system control equipment are also increasing,to provide customers with satisfactory services., one of which is the hard disk. Consequent, the introduction of the operating system and file management and directory management (folder), which greatly simplifies the permanent storage of equipment such application. Also, the operating system also responsible for security control, ensuring users can only access files that have been allowed. Of course, the course of development so far the last operating system, an important step is to provide a standard graphical user interface program (GUI). Although there is no technical reason that the operating system must be to provide these interfaces, but the operating system vendors and encourage those who always want to run the software on their systems to the appearance and behavioral characteristics consistent with the operating system or similar. Computer Applications At first, bulky and expensive The digital computer is used primarily perform scientific calculations, especially in military issues. ENIAC the first is to be used as artillery trajectory calculation section for calculating and designing the hydrogen bomb neutron density (now many of the super computer simulation of nuclear testing is still playing a great effect). Australia's first stored program designed computer CSIR Mk I type responsible for the hydropower projects in the rainfall catchment area to assess the situation. There are to be used for decryption, such as the British \The early scientific or military applications, the promotion of computer in other areas is also very fast. From the beginning, stored program computer to solve business problems with closely related. As early as the first IBM computer before the birth of Taiwan, the United Kingdom J. Lyons and so on LEO was designed and manufactured to meet the asset management or other business purposes. because of the continuing size and cost control, computer began to spread within smaller organizations. coupled with the 20th century, the invention of the microprocessor 70, cheap computer becomes a reality. With the increasing popularity of computers, computer access to almost all the industry, played a pivotal role. It has become the normal operation of society to an indispensable tool, the computer in modern life to occupy such an important position, people
CPU's English name is \It's role in the PC, it can be said is equivalent to the role of the brain in humans. All computer programs are run by it.
software system software system include: operating systems, application software. Application management software in the computer industry, IT essential tool for the development of the computer industry, computer industry, erp software. Hardware system hardware system includes: Chassis (power, hard drive, disk, memory, motherboard, CPU-central processing unit, CPU fans, CD drives, sound cards, network cards, video cards), monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc. (also can be equipped with headphones, speakers, printer, video, etc.). General motherboard has onboard home computer sound card, network card. Part of the motherboard with integrated graphics.
Hard Drives Hard drives and English is the Hard Disk, directly translated into Chinese is \As the drive is built on the hard drive inside, it is generally put the hard disk and hard disk drives confuse. The general appearance of the hard disk size is 3.5 inches. Hard drive capacity generally M (megabytes) and G (1024 trillion) calculations. Common to see dozens of hard disk capacity from a few megabytes to have gigabit. Usually referred to the C drive, D drive, and real hard not exactly the same thing. Terms of a real hard drive called \; logical drives. \Computer power supply and chassis have a computer, of course, but computers can not directly use the power of ordinary voltage of 220 volts. Computer's power supply has an internal transformer, the ordinary computer into a 220V mains voltage required for the various components, such as the CPU operating voltage, typically only a few volts. For security reasons, the general components of the computer (of course in addition to the monitor) a reasonable place in the chassis
CD / DVD drive
1946 年 2 15, the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer, \\\Funding support for the U.S. Ordnance Department of the development work, and the establishment of a dedicated research team, from Mo Qili responsible. Chief engineer from the served only 24 years old, Eckert, crew is a mathematician Stan Siegel, in addition to logicians Boke Si. \large room to store, was a true monster. This sets the power consumption of 140 kwh per hour, the computer, 5,000 times per second speed of operation of addition, multiplication, or 400 more than a mechanical relay computers 1,000 times faster. When the \Eni Ake is the electronic device memory, rather than turning \It can be completed in one day tens of millions of multiplications, roughly equivalent to a person 40 years of desktop computer operating workload. It is in accordance with the decimal, instead of the binary to operate. But also work in binary mode with a small tube, so the machine at work had to convert decimal to binary,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],Apple said a notice on its official website, and in the data input, output, and then change back to decimal. \But then in the terminal by changing the insert panel to resolve various problems, and to become a general purpose machine. It's a modified machine was used to develop the hydrogen bomb. \Sometimes a few minutes or several minutes of computing, take a few hours or 1 - 2 days to prepare for line connection, which is a fatal weakness. Another weakness is its storage capacity is too small. February 15, 1996, in the \start push-button. Gore took part in the \The section of flash to 46, marking the advent in 1946, it then flashes to 96, mark since the beginning of the computer age 50 years. Computer evolution